European Research

Since MST was first implemented in Europe, a range of research studies have been published.
Please explore the directory below for more details. 

Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs)

Ogden, T., & Halliday-Boykins, C. A. (2004). Multisystemic treatment of antisocial adolescents in Norway: Replication of clinical outcomes outside of the US. Child & Adolescent Mental Health, 9(2), 77– 83.

Ogden, T., & Hagen, K. A. (2006). Multisystemic treatment of serious behaviour problems in youth: Sustainability of effectiveness two years after intake. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 11, 142 –149.

Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Van der Laan, P. H., Prins, P. J. M., & Van Arum, S. (2007). Implementing randomized experiments in criminal justice settings: An evaluation of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) in The Netherlands. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3, 113-129.

Sundell, K., Hansson, K., Lofholm, C. A., Olsson, T., Gustle, L. H., & Kadesjo, C. (2008). The transportability of MST to Sweden: Short-term results from a randomized trial of conduct-disordered youths. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 550 – 560.

Manders, W. A., Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., Van der Laan, P. H., & Prins, P. J. M. (2011). De implementatie van Multisysteem Therapie in Nederland: deinvloed van behandelintegriteit en nonspecifieke factoren op behandeluitkomsten. Gedragstherapie, 44, 327 - 340.

Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Manders, W. A., van der Laan, P. H., & Prins, P. J. M. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of multisystemic therapy in the Netherlands: Post-treatment changes and moderator effects. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 9, 169 –187.

Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Manders, W., van der Laan, P. H., Prins, P. J. M., & van Arum, S. (2014). Sustainability of the effects of multisystemic therapy for juvenile delinquents in the Netherlands: effects on delinquency and recidivism. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10, 227– 243.

Independent Benchmarking Studies

Ogden, T., Hagen, K. A., & Andersen, O. (2007). Sustainability of the effectiveness of a programme of multisystemic treatment (MST) across participant groups in the second year of operation. Journal of Children’s Services, 2, 4 –14.

Boonstra, C., Jonkman, C., Soeteman, D.I., & Van Busschbach J.J. (2009). Multi Systeem Therapie voor ernstig antisociale en delinquente jongeren: tweejaar follow-up studie. Systeemtherapie, 21, 94 -105.

Hukkelberg, S., Ogden, T. & Thøgersen, D.M. (2022). Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory Assessments as Predictors of Behavioral Change in Multisystemic Therapy and Functional Family Therapy in Norway. Research on Social Work Practice 2022, Vol. 0(0) 1 – 9. DOI: 10.1177/10497315221086641

Cost Analysis Studies

Olsson, T. M. (2009). Intervening in youth problem behavior in Sweden: a pragmatic cost analysis of MST from a randomized trial with conduct disordered youth. International Journal of Social Welfare, 19, 194 – 205.

Olsson, T. M. (2010). MST with conduct disordered youth in Sweden: Costs and benefits after 2 years. Research on Social Work Practice, 20, 561 – 571.

Vermeulen, K. M., Jansen, D. E. M. C., Knorth, E. J., Buskens, E., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of multisystemic therapy versus usual treatment for young people with antisocial problems. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 27, 89 –102.

Implementation Research

Gustle, L. H., Hansson, K., Sundell, K., Lundh, L. G., & Lofholm, C. A. (2007). Blueprints in Sweden. Symptom load in Swedish adolescents in studies of functional family therapy (FFT), multisystemic therapy (MST) and multidimensional treatment foster care (MTFC). Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 443 –451.

Ogden, T., Bjornebekk, G., Kjobli, J., Patras, J., Christiansen, T., Taraldsen, K., & Tollefsen, N. (2012). Measurement of implementation components ten years after a nationwide introduction of empirically supported programs – a pilot study. Implementation Science, 7:49.

Wilpert, J., Van Horn, J., & Van der Rijken, R. (2013). Tolken bij Multi Systeem Therapie (MST): barrière of brug? Kind en Adolescent, 34, 208-220.

Hendriks, M. E. D., Lange, A. M. C., Boonstoppel-Boender, M., & Van der Rijken, R. E. A. (2014). Functional Family Therapy en Multi Systeem Therapie: Een vergelijking van doelgroepen. Orthopedagogiek: Onderzoek en Praktijk, 53, 355 - 366.

Van Logten, A., Lange, A. M. C., Cima, M. J., & Van der Rijken, R. E. A. (2016). Functionele Gezinstherapie en Multi Systeem Therapie: Een onderzoek naar de stabiliteit van doelgroepen en behandelresultaten in Nederland. Orthopedagogiek: Onderzoek en Praktijk, 55, 51 - 64.

Van der Rijken, R. E. A., Bijlsma, E., Wilpert, J., van Horn, J. E., van Geffen, W. and van Busschbach, J. J. (2016). Using Interpreters in Mental Health Care: An Exploration of Multisystemic Therapy Outcomes. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 24(2), 92 –100.

Ter Beek, E., van der Rijken, R. E. A., Kuiper, C. H. Z., Hendriks, J., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018). The allocation of sexually transgressive juveniles to intensive specialized treatment: An assessment of the application of RNR principles. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62, 1179 -1200.

Dik, M. M., Kiers, N., Waanders, S. & Lange, A. M. C. (2021). Invloed van de transitie in de jeugdzorg op doelgroep en op twee systeembehandelingen. Systeemtherapie, 33, 155 -170

Eide, S.Ø. & Solberg, J.B. (2021). Skolefungering hos ungdom med atferdsvansker etter mottatt Multisystemisk terapi (MST). Hovedoppgave ved Psykologisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo. (School functioning in adolescents with serious conduct problems after receiving MST. Master thesis, Institute of Psychology, University of Oslo.)

Lange, A. M. C., Delsing, M. J. M. H., van Geffen, M., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2021). Alliance between therapist and multi-stressed families during the COVID-19 pandemic: The effect of family-based videoconferencing. Child & Youth Care Forum. Advance online publication. doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09644-y

Lange, A.M.C., Delsing, M.J.M.H., van Geffen, M., & Scholte, R. (2022) Alliantie in gezinnen met meervoudige en complexe problemen, het effect van videobellen tijdens COVID-19. Systeemtherapie 34(2), 174 -188

Lange, A. M., Delsing, M. J., van Geffen, M., & Scholte, R. H. (2022). Alliance Between Therapist and Multi-stressed Families During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Effect of Family-Based Videoconferencing. Child & Youth Care Forum, 51(3). doi.org/10.1007/s10566-021-09644-y

Quality Assurance Studies

Lofholm, C. A., Eichas, K., & Sundell, K. (2014). The Swedish implementation of multisystemic therapy for adolescents: Does treatment experience predict treatment adherence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43, 643 – 655.

Lange, A. M. C., Scholte, R. H. J., van Geffen, W., Timman, R., Busschbach, J. J. V., & van der Rijken, R. E. A. (2016). The lack of cross-national equivalence of a therapist adherence measure (TAM-R) in multisystemic therapy (MST). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 32, 312 – 325.

Lange, A. M. C., van der Rijken, R. E. A., Busschbach, J. J. V., Delsing, M. J. M. H., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2017). It’s not just the therapist: Therapist and countrywide experience predict therapist adherence and adolescent outcome. Child Youth Care Forum, 46, 455 – 471.

Lange, A. M. C., Van der Rijken, R. E. A., Delsing, M. J. M. H., Busschbach, J. J., van Horn, J. E., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2017). Alliance and adherence in a systemic therapy. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 22, 148 –154.

Lange, A. M. C., van der Rijken, R. E. A., Delsing, M. J. M. H., Busschbach, J. J., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2019). Development of therapist adherence in relation to treatment outcomes of adolescents with behavioral problems. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48, S337-S346. doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2018.1477049

Lange, A. M. C., Van der Rijken, R. E. A., Delsing, M. J. M. H., Van Busschbach, J. J., Van Horn, J. E., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2019). Alliantie en modeltrouw: Een goede match? Orthopedagogiek: Onderzoek & Praktijk, 58, 250 - 262.

Lange, A., Delsing, M., Scholte, R., & Van der Rijken, R. E. A. (2020). Factorial structure of the Therapist Adherence Measure-Revised (TAM-R) within Multisystemic Therapy. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 36(2), 1-5. doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000505

Meta Analysis

Van der Stouwe, T., Asscher, J. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., Deković, M., & Van der Laan, P. H. (2014). The effectiveness of multisystemic therapy (MST): A metaanalysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 34, 468 – 481. 


Line Solheim Kvamme, Serap Keles, Ragnhild Bang Nes, Linda Vaskinn, Pamela M. Waaler, Tore Wentzel-Larsen & John Kjøbli (2022) Common Practice Elements in Treatment Programs for Adolescents with Externalizing and Internalizing Problems: A Meta-Analysis, Residential Treatment For Children.

Treatment Process Studies

Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., Manders, W. A., Prins, P. J. M., & Van der Laan, P. (2012). Within-intervention change: Mediators of intervention effects during multisystemic therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 574 – 587.

Kavelaars, M., Van Geffen, W., & Van der Rijken R. (2012). Multi Systeem Therapie: Een evidence based behandelmethode voor ernstig antisociale jongeren. Tijdschrift Klinische Psychologie, 42, 105 -116.

Manders, W. A., Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., van der Laan, P. H., & Prins, P. J. M. (2013). Psychopathy as predictor and moderator of multisystemic therapy outcomes among adolescents treated for antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1121–1132.

Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., van den Akker, A. L., Manders, W. A., Prins, P. J. M., van der Laan, P. H., & Prinzie, P. (2016). Do personality traits affect responsiveness of juvenile delinquents to treatment? Journal of Research in Personality, 63, 44 – 50.

Mertens, E. C. A., Deković, M., Asscher, J. J., & Manders, W. A. (2017). Heterogeneity in response during multisystemic therapy: Exploring subgroups and predictors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1285 –1295.

Asscher, J. J., Deković, M., Van den Akker, A. L., Prins, P. J. M., & Van der Laan, P. H. (2018). Do extremely violent juveniles respond differently to treatment? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62, 958-977.

Keles, S., Taraldsen, K., Olseth, A. R., (2021) Identification of Multisystemic Therapy (MST) Subgroups with Distinct Trajectories on Ultimate Outcomes in Norway. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49, 429 – 442. doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00735-3

Blankestein, A. M. M. M., Van der Rijken, R. E. A., Broekhoven, J. L., Lange, A. M. C., Simons, I., Van Domburgh, L., Van Santvoort, F., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2022). Residential Youth Care Combined with Systemic Interventions: Exploring Relationships between Family-Centered Care and Outcomes. Residential Treatment for Children & Youth, 39(1), 34 – 56. doi.org/10.1080/0886571x.2020.1863894

Quasi-Experimental Studies

Eeren, H. V., Goossens, L. M. A., Scholte, R. H. J., Busschbach, J. J. V., & van der Rijken, R. E. A. (2018). Multisystemic therapy and functional family therapy compared on their effectiveness using the propensity score method. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1037 - 1050.

Visscher, L., Reijneveld, S. A., Knot-Dickscheit, J., van Yperen, T. A., Scholte, R. H. J., Delsing, M. J. M. H., Evenboer, K. E., & Jansen, D. E. M. C. (2022). Toward tailored care for families with multiple problems: A quasi-experimental study on effective elements of care. Family Process, 61(2), 571 – 590. doi.org/10.1111/famp.12745

Qualitative Studies

Karamat A, R., & Bachicha D. L (2012). Systemic supervision practices compared: A closer look at ‘reflection’ and ‘self’ in Multisystemic Therapy and Family Therapy supervision. Clin Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2012 17: 192 DOI: 10.11771/1359014512442058

Tighe, A., Pistrang, N., Casdagli, L., Baruch, G., & Butler, S. (2012). Multisystemic therapy for young offenders: Families’ experiences of therapeutic processes and outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 187 –197.

Paradisopoulos, D., Pote, H., Fox, S., & Kaur, P. (2015). Developing a model of sustained change following multisystemic therapy: young people’s  perspectives. Journal of Family Therapy, 37, 471 – 491.

Kaur, P., Pote, H., Fox, S., Paradisopoulos, D. A. (2017). Sustaining change following multisystemic therapy: caregiver’s perspectives. Journal of Family Therapy, 39, 264 – 283.

Fox, S., Bibi, F., Millar, H., & Holland, A. (2017). The role of cultural factors in engagement and change in multisystemic therapy (MST). Journal of Family Therapy, 39, 243 – 263.

Harrison-Stewart, B., Fox, S., & Millar, H. (2018). Multisystemic Therapy in families of adopted young people referred for antisocial behaviour problems. Adoption & Fostering, 42, 162 -175.

Bunting, A., Fox, S., Adhyaru, J., Holland, A. (2021) Considerations for minority ethnic young people in multisystemic therapy. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2021, Vol. 26(1) 268 – 282. DOI: 10.1177/1359104520969762282

Jethwa, J., Glorney, E., Adhyaru, J., & Lawson, A. (2021). A grounded theory of multisystemic therapy roles in achieving positive outcomes for young people and families. Journal of Family Therapy. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.12287

Conroy, D., Smith, J. A., Butler, S., Byford, S., Cottrell, D., Kraam, A, Fonagy, P., Ellison, R., Simes, E., & Anokhina, A. (2021). The long-term impact of multisystemic therapy: An experiential study of adolescent-young adult life transition. Journal of Adolescent Research. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/07435584211025323

Visscher, L., Jansen, D. E. M. C., Scholte, R. H. J., van Yperen, T. A., Evenboer, K. E., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2022). Elements of care that matter: Perspectives

of families with multiple problems. Children and Youth Services Review, 138, 106495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106495

Pilot Studies

Van den Hoven, E., Joosten, W., Kuijpers, F., Leunissen, J., & Van der Rijken, R. (2014). Multisysteemtherapie bij autismespectrumstoornissen. Kind en Adolescent Praktijk, 4, 180 -187.

Ogbuagu, B. C. (2018). Black, young & conduct disordered: Extrapolating Scott Henggeler’s multisystemic psychotherapyparadigm for the attenuation of at-risk behaviors of black youth in North America. European Scientific Journal, 14, 89 -120.

Naughton, C., Redmond, S., & Coonan, B. (2019). Evaluation of The Bail Supervision Scheme for Children (Pilot Scheme). Department of Children and Youth Affairs, published online: https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/0a6bc8-evaluation-of-thebail-supervision-scheme-for-children-pilot-scheme/

Rovers, A., Blankestein, A., Van der Rijken, R., Scholte, R., & Lange, A. (2019). Treatment outcomes of a shortened secure residential stay combined with multi systemic therapy: A pilot study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63, 2654 - 2671.